Phoneme vs Minimum Pair in English Phonetics

In phonology and  phonetics, the term minimal pair refers to two words that differ in only one sound,  such as hit and hid. Minimal pairs serve as tools to establish that two (or more) sounds are contrastive. A difference in sound means a difference in meaning, notes  Harriet Joseph Ottenheimer, and thus a minimal pair is the clearest and easiest way to identify phonemes in a language (The Anthropology of Language, 2013). Examples and Observations A minimal pair is a pair of words that differ in a single phoneme. Minimal pairs are often used to show that two sounds contrast in a language. For example, we can demonstrate that [s] and [z] contrast in English by adducing minimal pairs such as sip and zip, or bus and buzz. Since the only difference in these words is the [s] vs. [z], we conclude that they belong to distinct phonemes. However, a similar test would show that [a:j] and [Aj] are distinct phonemes in English, since writer and rider appear to be minimal pairs distinguished in their second elements, not their fourth.We looked!Then we saw him step in onthe mat!We looked!And we saw him!The Cat in the Hat!Cheers and Jeers is an activity that provides an opportunity to use music and humor to relax and release tension.Lit Up/Let DownThe learner has to identify medial or final plosives in isolated words and in sentences where either member of a minimal pair would fit in naturally. For example: Do you repair clocks/clogs?Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot, nothing is going to get better. Its not.The US Coast Guard had 125-foot cutters and eight 765-foot long patrol boats. By the late 1920s, forty-five vessels operated out of this local base with some parking at the pier, as can be seen in a postcard.The role of the sympathetic nervous system is to prepare the body for emergencies, commonly known as  fright, flight and  fight  reactions. Word Position and Context [T]he only way we can create a minimal pair with reference to the two sounds involved is to put them in exactly the same environment in terms of word position and the surrounding context, To clarify further,  the pair: jail–Yale shows the contrast between  /dÊ’/ and /j/ in initial position, budge–buzz focuses on the contrast between /dÊ’/ and /z/ in final position, while witch–wish contrasts  /t∠«/ and /ÊÆ'/ in final position. It should be noted that minimal pairs include forms that have different spellings, as evidenced in  jail–Yale. Near Minimal Pairs [S]ometimes it is not possible to find perfect minimal pairs differentiated by only a single sound for every phoneme. Sometimes it is necessary to settle for near minimal pairs ...  [P]leasure and leather qualify as a near minimal pair, since the sounds immediately adjacent to the target sounds, [à °] and [Ê’], are the same in both words: [É›] before the target sound and [É ¹] after it. Like minimal pairs, near  minimal pairs are usually sufficient to demonstrate that two sounds are separate phonemes in a language. Sources: Matthew Gordon, Phonology: Organization of Speech Sounds.  How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, ed. by  Carol Genetti. Cambridge University Press, 2014James Alasdair McGilvray, The Cambridge Companion to Chomsky. Cambridge University Press, 2005Dr. Seuss, The Cat in  the Hat, 1957Edie L. Holcomb, Getting Excited About Data. Corwin Press, 2004Album by the band Vains of Jenna, 2006Inge Livbjerg and Inger M. Mees, Segmental Errors in the Pronunciation of Danish Speakers of English, 1995Dr. Seuss, The Lorax, 1972A. Wynelle Deese, St. Petersburg, Florida. The History Press, 2006Neil Moonie, Advanced Health and Social Care, 3rd ed. Heinemann, 2000Mehmet Yavas, Applied English Phonology, 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011

Essay on How Oil Prices are Established - 1367 Words

How Oil Prices are Established Did you realize that at our current consumption of crude oil and at our current status of known reserves, we have approximately 40 years of reserves remaining? This is a startling fact when we take into account all the products that are produced from refined crude oil or from its by-products. Many people are aware of the price increases they feel at the gas pump, but has anyone ever considered the cost or investment put forth in finding new reserves? Under the right conditions, oil would sometimes seep up to the surface, but in our times, the search for new reserves is more costly and dangerous. When considering how the price of crude oil and its by-products are determined, one must first look at the†¦show more content†¦Through various news sources, there has been reported an increase in weather occurrences that cause temporary shortages in crude oil production. The largest of these occurrences has been from hurricanes. When a hurricane is reported and the path is determined to cross through offshore oil platforms, all production must be stopped and crews evacuated for their safety. Only once danger has passed, will production resume. This sometimes can be just a few days or longer, depending on if any damage has occurred. In 2005, the Gulf of Mexico experienced two hurricanes that devastated offshore and onshore oil production facilities. Offshore oil platforms were broken from their moorings and driven to shore, and onshore refineries suffered tremendous damage from flooding and high winds. Another weather occurrence that can have a dramatic influence on pricing is the onset of winter. Rather than winter weather causing supply shortages, the demand increases from consumers requiring fuels for heating. However, weather is not the only factor that influences pricing. With most of the known reserves currently producing and slowly depleting, the search for newer sources takes the producers into areas originally thought too harsh or uneconomic to tap. When the oil and gas industry was in its infancy, crude oil could be found in pools on the ground surface. This was caused by cracks in the geological formation. As crude oil isShow MoreRelatedEssay about Monopoly of Petroleum: OPEC1037 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will discuss the monopoly of petroleum by The Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), particularly how it controls the price of petrol, threats to its monopoly and the social costs involved. OPEC was established in the 1960s and ever since, Saudi Arabia gained a reputation of being the major power of the organization. Saudi Arabia has the biggest oil reserves in the world and production costs lower than any country. 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Something Strange Happens Every Day Essay Example For Students

Something Strange Happens Every Day Essay A man, Bob Johnson, leans on a cold, concrete pillar, silently waiting for the train to take him to work. He waits as he has waited for the past seven years of his monotonous, somewhat mechanical existence. He glances calmly at his wristwatch; thirty-seven minutes past eight o clock in the morning. Damn, he thinks to himself. Oh well, theyll have to let me off, he mumbles to himself, its the first time Ive been late in the seven years Ive worked there. So, Bob slowly makes his way to the edge of the platform so as to get a good seat on the train. Around him, people mill around waiting for the same train Bob waits for. Directly behind him, a fat woman sits on a wooden bench holding her designer label bag in her lap, close to her chest. She is obviously very self-conscious and she glances around nervously. Nearby the fat lady, three African-American guys, aged around 20, dressed in ridiculously oversized clothing, listen to a rap song on a portable stereo. To his left, a businessman and his associate stand underneath a train schedule board discussing some important topic. Near him stands a group of Japanese tourists, looking at a half-folded map, trying to figure out the best route to arrive at their destination. Two of them are in a heated argument, speaking very quickly in Japanese. Bob then catches a glimpse of a crowd of school kids heading towards the platform with their chaperones; they are going on a day-trip to the Natural History Museum. While Bob is lost in his silent study of the Human-Being, the advance warning lights lined along the edge of the platform where there is a six foot drop to the train tracks, warning people that the train will arrive in just a few moments. Everybody hears the high-pitched squeal of metal wheels on metal rails, and a sudden rush of air against his face from the fast moving train brings Bob back to his senses. At this moment everyone waiting for the train; the fat lady, the homeboys, the business associates, the tourists and the school group, in amongst a slew of other interesting people; begin crowding the platform where Bob calmly waits to go to work. In all the rushing, panic, and pushing of people, Bob Johnson, who was waiting calmly to get onto the train, somehow gets jostled by the wave of people and topples over. He falls straight into the middle of the tracks. Chaos. Somebody screams, everybody looks, everybody screams, everybody runs. Bedlam takes over; no one knows quite exactly what to do. Bob, after what seems like an eternity, pushes himself slightly off the ground and spits some blood to the gravel floor. Looking straight at the ground, still gathering his senses, he is abruptly hit with a state of shock and confusion. He hears the growing screeching noise of the trains breaks. He looks up and to his right and sees the trains lights and bulking mass, bearing down on him. At the moment just before impact, and Bobs almost-apparent death, some ones muscular hand grabs him by his arm and pulls him off the path of his surefire demise, leaving only Bobs briefcase to be torn apart by the quick-moving train. Every single last muscle in Bob Johnsons body aches and he cant stop himself from shaking. All he feels is adrenalin pumping through his mind, and his body. He finally gains his senses back, and sits up impulsively, and looks around. A feeling of relief floods through him where the adrenalin once did before. It was only a dream. He is now in the comfort of his own bed, he looks over on his bedside stand, at his alarm clock, it is five o clock in the morning and the sounds of a city gearing up and preparing for a long day fill his head. He gets up and starts his morning routine. He takes a nice refreshing shower, and eats some almost-burnt toast and drinks a glass of orange juice, just as he has showered and eaten breakfast for the past seven years of his monotonous life. As he is getting dressed into his work clothes, he feels a strange aching sensation in his neck, as if he had pulled a neck muscle, or pinched a nerve. At the same time, he has a sore throat and his voice is very ras py. He coughs loudly and thinks nothing of it. All he can think about is the incredibly lifelike dream that he had, so he decides to call his mother just to say hello and to take his mind of the odd dream. He picks up the phone and dials in the ten digit number, he is taken aback by the cold, machine-like voice of a recording, The number you have dialed has been disconnected, please hang up, and try the number again. He instead tries another number. And another one, and another one. Its all the same; theyve all been disconnected. Finally he decides that the phone lines must be down, or his apartment was disconnected for not paying their bills, and he walks out his door. .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 , .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 .postImageUrl , .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 , .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379:hover , .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379:visited , .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379:active { border:0!important; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379:active , .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379 .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10d20a96aeb5f5c54cf1e2b89afb0379:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Kung, Shoshone, and Mbuti Tribes: Hunting and EssayThe moment he closes his apartment door behind him, everything goes silent. No cars, no people, no birds singing, no anything. Peculiar, he thinks to himself, people should be out by now, where is everybody? Bob walks down the cold, concrete stairs, and everything just gets darker and darker until he finally reaches the floor of the parking garage. At this level, it is pitch black and he cant see anything, but he decides that along with the phone lines, there must be a power failure. He slowly and cautiously makes his way to where he parks his car. Suddenly, Bob finds himself on the ground with his briefcase by his sid e. He looks behind him and convinces himself he tripped on something in the dark. He slowly pushes himself up off the ground only to be startled by a car coming straight at him with its headlights on full beam, he hears the screeching of breaks, almost like metal on metal. As the car hits him, the headlights completely engulf him and he feels a moment of disconnectedness and a feeling of incorporeal like he is no longer in his body. Bob Johnsons body lay twitching on the subway tracks as the train came to a screeching halt. He had been decapitated. Creative Writing Essays

The Need for Urban Police Policy Essays - Black Lives Matter

The Need for Urban Police Policy Anthony Hamilton Cleveland State University Abstract This paper talks about the need for urban police policy. The description of what a police officer job is and what is expected of them. The beating of Rodney King and the shooting deaths of Michael Brown and Tamir Rice. The choking death of Eric Garner by the NYPD. How these communities are affected by what these officers have done. New police training and test evaluations for new and seasoned officers. The need for reform right now. Keywords: police brutality, excessive force, police policy, African-Americans The Need for Urban Police Policy What happens when police officers go too far? In today's society that is one of the questions that needs many answers. The past few years has shown that police officers are going far beyond what the law is allowing them to do. These officers are the same people that are called when somebody needs help and also protect and serve the needs of the people. Now more than ever people need the feeling to not only protect themselves from criminals, but also the police. Because of recent events many people feel that police officers are demonstrating excessive force of power they have. "Thanks to social media, better data, and advanced technology, a new light has been shed on the brutality of police violence" (Baptiste, 2015). The main problems that people have with police officers is when they come to the conclusion to use force and when that force becomes lethal. This is most prevalent in the African-American communities around the country. It has become such a big issue in these communities that the need for urban police policy is needed. The job of a police officer is to protect and serve the public. They are here to keep order in the public, averting, and investigating crimes that are reported. While doing all of these things they are to uphold the law at a higher level than most civilians do. As citizens we have put our trust in these police officers to do the right things at all times. People who decide who wants to be in law enforcement has to do this because they want to make a difference and help people in process. Besides when somebody starts their career as a police officer the money is not an important factor because the public safety is. This can be really rewarding to somebody that would like to be a public servant because crime is the one constant that seems to never stop. Although with low pay and helping the public this is considered one of the most dangerous jobs in America. Each day officers risk their lives to make it possible for people to walk around without fear. Police need the use of force but i t has to come when it is really needed. As Markman (2015) writes the fact that making life-and-death decisions in an instant during street encounters is among the most difficult things any human being can be called on to do (p. 11). At some point in an officer's career there is going to come a time when they are face with a decision to use deadly force or not. Police brutality is nothing new in the African-American community. In the earliest case of police brutality was Rodney King in 1991. He was beaten after running from the police in Los Angeles. A videotape of this beating is played all over the national news. The video shows four officers repeatedly beating King while other officers while other officers standby and watch. This instance brought much attention to how officers treated minorities. Four officers were charged with assault with a deadly weapon and use of excessive force. Three officers were acquitted and the fourth was acquitted by a jury because they failed to reach a verdict on the excessive force charge. These acquittals led to the L.A. riots in 1992. In the aftermath of King's beating "confidence in the city's police department plummeted to 31% for Latino residents and 14% for African-Americans" (Weitzer 2015). With these types of numbers about confidence in the police with minorities, police will never get that trust fr om them. In a time were almost everything is on video,